Explain the Significance of the Four Marks of the Church - One, Holy, Essay

Explain the Significance of the Four Marks of the Church - One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic - Essay Example Through the guidance of the Holy Spirit, the Church has continued to fulfill the marks, and only faith can recognize that the Church received these manifestations from God. The â€Å"One† mark of the Church shows that the Church of the apostles was one. Paul wrote that there is only one body and spirit in (Eph. 4:4-5), and he linked the unity to the Church’s common Eucharistic bread in (1 Cor. 10:17). The Bible says that the Church is the bride of Christ (Eph. 5:23-32) and has only one source. Jesus also promised from the outset in (John 10:16) that there would be one flock, and one shepherd. The Catechism also notes that the Church is one with three reasons namely; first, source of the Church is Holy Trinity, which is a the great unity of three heavenly persons; Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit; the second being the founder of the Church, Jesus Christ, who came to reunite through the blood in the cross for all mankind; and the third, â€Å"soul,† the Holy Spirit that is in the souls of the faithful, unites all the faithful into one communion of believers, and guides the Church. The â€Å"oneness† of the Church is visible in Catholics who are united in their Creed and other teachings, the sacramental celebrations, and the hierarchical arrangement that are based on the apostolic succession that are handed and preserved through the Sacrament of Holy Orders (Brian 2008). The Body of Christ Himself is the Church, and so is whole one, and one as Christ’s Body is whole one. The Church of Christ teaches only one set of doctrines that are taught by the apostles (Jude 3). The unity in the belief in which the Scripture calls all to adhere to (Phil. 1:27, 2:2). The Christian Church is united in faith, worship, and succession from the apostles themselves. The unity manifestation is hard to clutch today with centuries of old divisions and the existence of many Christian denominations spread across the world. Mass is conducted in the same w ay all over the world in terms of prayers, readings, structure, and everything except in difference of language by Catholics who have the same belief, and are offered by a priest who is united by his bishop who is united by the holy Father, the pope. Although, some dissent from official doctrines, the Church understands them (John 16:12-13) and it does not misunderstand them to mean contrary to want they meant before. Diversity is found in the oneness, in that the faithful has different vocations and different gifts, although they work together to continue with the mission of the Lord. The different cultures and traditions enrich the Church in their expressions of faith. Charity must saturate through the Church, for members to continue being together in unity. Example of the Catechism of the Catholic Church states that; The Church is one that recognizes one Lord, which confesses one faith, the Church born of one Baptism; it forms only one Body, given life by one Spirit, for the sake of one hope, at whose fulfillment all divisions will be overcome. Churches of all denominations have continued to emphasize the fundamental unity showing that there is only one faith, one Lord and One God. â€Å"Holy† as a mark of Church signifies the Church of the apostles as the Lord Himself as the source of all holiness. This shows that all things that the church has from the all-holy God himself and everything are holy. However,

Bad Sugar Essay Example for Free

Bad Sugar Essay Unnatural Causes In this video Bad Sugar the Pima and Tohono Oodham Indians of southern Arizona have the highest diabetes rate in the world. This affects more then half the adults in this Indian group, but a century ago diabetes wasnt even heard of. What has happened to the health of the Pima Indians? During the 20th century the river water was used by white settlers and Pimas local Indians went into poverty and became dependent on the U. S. government. This resulted in the Indians eating tepary beans, cholla buds and wild life these everyday ood items changed to white flour, lard, processed cheese and canned foods. Needless to say this had a big impact on the Pima Indians. This exclusive documentary shows crucial evidence on how we pour more money into drugs, fad diets, medical technologies, but is it deeper then that? Evidence shows therere more to bad habits and unlucky genes. If we can find a solution to poverty we can solve many of the problems that individuals deal with on a day-to-day bases. As a future educator I will teach them strategies and help improve their daily exercise. Teaching hem strategies will help them to become independent with their exercise as well as quality nutrition and realize how truly Important It Is, which should lower the diabetic rate. Goals: 1 . Promote healthy lifestyles to prevent risk factors for pre-dlabetes, diabetes, heart disease, and stroke 2. Improve the detection, control and treatment of risk factors and pre-diabetes for the prevention of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke 3. Improve the detection, control and treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular disease to prevent complications and disabilities and reduce the severity and progression of disease

Development of the Petroleum Industry

Development of the Petroleum Industry Historical background Petroleum In the beginning of the XX. century carbohydrates became more and more important in the world because they were pure, easily manageable, cheap, have huge energy capacity and were available in big amounts all over the world. Petroleum can be used as a source of energy as well as a raw material in the manufacturing of plastics and fertilizers, and only very few commodities have become as vital as it, and petroleum has been the object of geopolitical confrontations as a commodity of strategic importance. At that period several geopolitical events were closely related to oil or had consequences on oil prices and supply. The decision in 1912 by the British Admiralty to convert warships from coal to oil propulsion because of speed and range advantages was the first event that led to the geopolitical importance of oil. Great Britain nationalized the Anglo-Persian Oil Company and committed itself to the protection of this resource in Persia since 1934 the country is called Iran because the country had no oil resources at all. In the beginning the United States of America did the 60% of the total exploitation, but by 1990 the undeveloped countries took over it; the Near East gave 26%, Russia 21% and North America only 17% of the whole exploitation. 80% of the known and exploitable oil resources were found in 8 countries in the world: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iran, Venezuela, Russia and Mexico. The first oil crisis was only a local crisis; it had no significant effect on the world market. It took place in Iran, because Mohammad Mossadeq, the prime minister of Iran, nationalized the oil companies, so English professionals went home and the country went bankrupt in 3 years. Then began the Suez crisis in 1956 when Nasser nationalized the canal. In the 50es annually 210-220 thousands of tons of cargo went through the canal and the 2/3 of it was petroleum that had to be transported to Western Europe. But after the arab-israeli war blow-up, Nasser made the canal totally unusable. As the canal had a great significance, it caused some outstanding problems provisional petroleum shortage evolved in Western Europe, so consumption was decreased, higher taxes were levied on petrol, and petrol coupons were introduced. Simultaneously Syria closed the petroleum lines in the Iranian areas and Saudi Arabia introduced embargo towards Great Britain and France. By 1957 the crisis came to an end, 90% of the petroleum export that was not transported was compensated, and at that time petroleum utilization was not so important (1956 only approximately 20% of Europes energy use) and there were no considerable changes in the prices. World War I demonstrated the increasing importance of the internal combustion engine on modern military operations, such as planes, trucks and tanks. In the 1920s motorization automobile was becoming an important mode of transportation and these years were characterized by exploding civilian demand for oil. At the same time a few primal corporations -that became the oil giants of today started to control the industry quickly. The oligopolistic commercial control on the price and the production of oil was in 1928 by the Achnacarry Agreements first established between the greatest oil multinationals of the time: the Seven Sisters. Seven Sisters of the petroleum industry The term Seven Sisters refers to seven huge oil companies that dominated since Rockefellers first gigantic monopoly the mid 20th century oil production, refining and distribution. Five of them were American and the two other were British. The American companies included Exxon, Mobil, and Socal which later became Chevron, Gulf and Texaco. The British companies were Royal Dutch Shell (it was a joint venture with the Netherlands) and British Petroleum (BP), whose interest in world oil expanded with the discovery of oil fields in Iraq and in Indonesia. Later through acquisitions and mergers the Seven Sisters have become four enormous oil companies; ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, BP and Chevron-Texaco. These corporations have invested a lot in extraction infrastructures, particularly in the Middle-East and Latin-America. They were effectively in control of the oil supply and demand of the world with a set of strategies, such as fixing production, prices and quotas. However, in several developing countries a nationalization trend started to emerge, slowly leading to the future oil supply control and shocks. In 1938 Mexico vigorously took control of its entire oil industry by expropriations, undermining its accessibility to foreign markets for a while, but generating sympathy in a lot of developing countries as a symbol against foreign exploitation of national resources. World War II. revealed to be a conflict that was strategically dominated by oil because the key weapons were air and armored forces. In 1941 the United States decided to establish an oil embargo on Japan, this was one event that triggered the war in the Pacific. The strategic objectives of Japan were to secure the resources of Southeast Asia, mainly the Indonesian oil fields, and the country has planned fast operations in order to achieve these objectives. The same year, Germanys invasion of the Soviet Union had the securing of the oil fields in the Caucasus region among its primal objectives, but both Germany and Japan failed to establish a secure source of oil, in 1945 that contributed to their overthrow by strategically more mobile allied forces. About 86% of the worlds oil supply was controlled by the allied nations. The increasing geopolitical importance of the Middle-East was underlined by the post World War II. era, as from that region the United States and Europe were importing growing quantities of oil. In1948 in Saudi Arabia a new source of oil was discovered, called Ghawar Field, that accounted for the largest conventional oil field in the world; more oil reserves were discovered in this region, so the supply was shifting rapidly. They were trying many times to integrate countries like Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia in alliances with Western powers, but a series of geopolitical events, just like the creation of the OPEC and Islamic nationalisms, would complicate access to oil resources. The OPEC The western Seven Sisters wanted to achieve a powerful economic control of oil production, so many producing countries most of them were from the Middle-East had a common goal: to gather a bigger share of the oil incomes by controlling supply. In 1960 an organization called Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded at the Baghdad Conference. It contained five founding members: Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, but by the end of 1971, six other nations had joined the group, they were the following countries: Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria and Nigeria. They also wanted to maintain the oil prices. In 1968 the Arab countries founded the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries. Throughout the post World War II period exporting countries found increasing demand for their crude oil but there was a 40% decline in the purchasing power of a barrel of oil. The balance of power shifted in March 1971. And this month the Texas Railroad Commission set proration at 100 percent for the first time which meant that Texas producers were no longer limited in the volume of oil that they could produce. It meant more significantly that the power to control crude oil prices shifted from the United States Texas, Oklahoma and Louisiana to the OPEC. There was no more spare capacity in the United States and as a consequence no tool to put an upper limit on prices. A little over two years later OPEC through the unintended consequence of war achieved a glimpse of the extent of its power to influence prices. The OPEC was unable to increase oil prices until the beginning of the 1970s. The major reasons were the importance of production in non-member countries and there OPEC members had some difficulties to agree on a common policy, since economic theory clearly underlines that cartels are bound to fail at fixing prices. Accordingly, developed countries were confident: the price of petroleum would remain relatively stable. In the early 1970s it was predicted by the American Government that by 1980 oil prices might rise to about 5 dollars per barrel. So the petroleum prices were very low and the economic growth was strong but this situation changed quickly. During the period of the Six Day War (1967) OAPEC members announced an embargo towards countries aiding Israel; Iraqi and Saudi oil lines became shut down. Then 900 tons less were exported each day and also the Suez Canal was closed at that time, so the exploitation was raised in the United States, Venezuela, Iran and Indonesia. In the end Iran and Saudi Arabia boycotted the embargo and they could manage to avoid a serious crisis. The only losers of this event were those Arab countries that were closing down the export. The embargo In the early 1970s under President Nixons order, the United States of America began shipping arms to Israel. In 1993 the Yom Kippur War broke out between Israel and Egypt (and several Arabian countries). This war gave the OPEC additional reasons to intervene: they imposed export quotas, reduced production by 25% and nationalized production facilities. The oil crisis started on October 17th 1973 and lasted until June 1974. Not long after the start of the War, when the Arab countries decided to turn to the oil weapon again; the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries announced the reduction of oil exploitation by 5% each month in those countries supporting Israel in the conflict during the war. In their opinion Israel could stand against the attack of the other two counties because the West gave them help. They wanted to undermine Israels support, mainly the USA, so oil became a geopolitical weapon. The market became controlled by supply by oil producers, causing the first oil shock. The oil embargo affected the United States of America, its western European federates and also Japan. During this half year period the western world was facing with the strategic significance of oil and its shortage for the first time. For example in the States at the top of the crisis on even days only cars ending with even registration number and on odd days cars ending with odd number were allowed for a while to be refueled. This embargo damaged the U.S. economy so greatly that many were unsure if the country would escape such devastation. Among the few countries that were affected, the United States suffered greatly, because after they gave aid to Israel the whole oil export ended toward them. The ability to control crude oil prices was passed from the United States to OPEC, and it was removed during the Arab Oil Embargo. Prices increased 400% in 6 months, and the extreme sensitivity of prices to supply shortages became all too apparent at that time. The world crude oil price was relatively flat from 1974 to 1978, ranging from 12.21 dollars per barrel to 13.55 per barrel, but when adjusted for inflation world oil prices were in a period of moderate decline. The crisis in 1973 had a huge effect on the world market, because this year the oil export from the Near East amounted 1 billion tons, and 40% of the petroleum of the bourgeois world originates from this region England 73%, France 83%, Italy 85% As a result of the shortage of oil petrol and gas oil prices increased, so the forestalling of fuel started. This resulted in bigger shortage and prices became higher and higher. In America the rise of prices almost caused a shock just like the world war. Prices started to fall at the New York Stock Exchange, restrictions were introduced for car usage, and people were encouraged to use less energy. With the start of the embargo, U.S. imports of oil from the Arab countries decreased from 1.2 million barrels a day to a mere 19,000 barrels. Daily consumption dropped by 6.1% from September to February, and by the summer of 1974, by 7 percent as the United States of America suffered its first fuel shortage since World War II. The impact of the embargo was drastic and it had an immediate effect on the whole economy. In the United States of America the retail price of a gallon of gasoline rose from a national average of 38.5 cents in May of 1973 to 55.1 cents in June of 1974. Meanwhile, The New York Stock Exchange shares lost $ 97 billion dollars in value in 6 weeks. Prices were rising since 1971 and by 1973 the price of petroleum reached the 11,68 USD/ton, this means that the prices became 10 times higher than they were originally. It could occur because of the disharmony of the consumer countries and so they could not make movements together against the embargo (for example anti-Americanism in France). Conclusion In times of shortage or oversupply crude oil prices behave much as any other commodity with wide price deflections. The crude oil price cycle may circulate over many years responding to changes in demand as well as OPEC and non-OPEC supply. From 1974 to 1978 under the control of the OPEC, the price of oil still remained high but stable: around $12 per barrel. Many developed countries started to worry about the unreliable supply sources and the exhaustion of oil reserves, but they did not do much one on this regard. The Iranian revolution in 1979 and the ensuing Iran-Iraq War lasting from 1980 to 1988 caused the second oil shock where the price of oil surged over $35 per barrel, this imposed several drastic but somewhat temporary measures to lower oil consumption. This resulted in a relocation of energy-consuming industries, in strategies for consuming less energy, such as energy efficient cars and appliances, in relying more on national energy sources like petroleum, coal, natural gas, hydroelectricity, nuclear energy, in building strategic reserves, and in substituting petroleum for other energy sources when it is possible. About 2 billion barrels are estimated to be held in strategic reserves all around the world, t he bulk of it in the United States, Germany and Japan. In 1980 the Carter Doctrine, which states that the United States would intervene militarily if its oil supply was compromised, is also the outcome of the uncertainties derived from the first and second oil shocks. The military presence of the United States in the Middle-East was extended, as the oil of the Persian Gulf was clearly perceived as of foremost significance to the national security. References http://www.people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/appl5en/ch5a1en.html http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm Anthony Sampson. The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Shaped. New York: Viking Press, 1975

Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller Essay -- American History

Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller; Captains of industry, or robber barons?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  True, Andrew Carnegie and John D Rockefeller may have been the most influential businessmen of the 19th century, but was the way they conducted business proper? To fully answer this question, we must look at the following: First understand how Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller changed the market of their industries. Second, look at the similarities and differences in how both men achieved domination. Third and lastly, Look at how both men treated their workers and customers in order achieve the most possible profit for their company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let us first look at Mr. Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie was a mogul in the steel industry. Carnegie developed a system known as the vertical integration. This method basically cut out the ‘middle man’. Carnegie bought his own iron and coal mines (which were necessities in producing steel) because purchasing these materials from independent companies cost too much and was insufficient for Carnegie’s empire. This hurt his competitors because they still had to pay for raw materials at much higher prices. Unlike Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller integrated his oil business from top to bottom. Rockefeller’s system was considered a ‘horizontal’ integration. This meant that he followed one product through all phases of the production process, i.e. Rockefeller had control over the oil from the moment it was drilled to the moment it was sold to the consu...

Instructional Objectives Essay

Instructional objectives may also be called performance objectives, behavioural objectives, or simply objectives. All of these terms are used interchangeably. Objectives are specific, outcome based, measurable, and describe the learner’s behaviour after instruction. Instructional objectives serve as goals that teachers have set in the achievement of a greater goal. They also tell students what is expected of them. Instructional objectives make definite the direction in which teaching leads and become the focus of instruction, not only for the teachers, but also for the students. Without instructional objectives teaching is comparable to a fallen leaf whose destination is dependent on the will of the wind. Without instructional objectives, teachers will have nothing to follow in order to achieve what it should achieve. A well-written objective should meet the following criteria; describe a learning outcome, be student oriented, be observable or describe an observable product. A well-written objective should describe a learning outcome. It should not describe a learning activity. Learning activities are important in planning and guiding instruction but they are not to be confused with instructional objectives. A student-oriented objective focuses on the learner, not on the teacher. It describes what the learner will be expected to be able to do. It should not describe a teacher activity. It may be helpful to both the teacher and the student to know what the teacher is going to do but teacher activities are also not to be confused with instructional objectives. If an instructional objective is not observable, it leads to unclear expectations and it will be difficult to determine whether or not it had been reached. The key to writing observable objectives is to use verbs that are observable and lead to a well defined product of the action implied by that verb. Verbs such as â€Å"to know,† â€Å"to understand,† â€Å"to enjoy,† â€Å"to appreciate,† â€Å"to realize,† and â€Å"to value† are vague and not observable. Verbs such as â€Å"to identify,† â€Å"to list,† â€Å"to select,† â€Å"to compute,† â€Å"to predict,† and â€Å"to analyze† are explicit and describe observable actions or actions that lead to observable products. For an instruction to be useful, an objective must not only be well written but it also must meet the following criteria: be sequentially appropriate, be attainable within a reasonable amount of time, be developmentally appropriate. For an objective to be sequentially appropriate it must occur in an appropriate place in the instructional sequence. All prerequisite objectives must already have been attained. Nothing thwarts the learning process more than having learners trying to accomplish an objective before they have learned the necessary prerequisites. This is why continuous assessment of student progress is so important. A useful objective is attainable within a reasonable time. If an instructional objective takes students an inordinately long time to accomplish, it is either sequentially inappropriate or it is too broad, relying on the accomplishment of several outcomes or skills rather than a single outcome or skill. An objective should set expectations for a single learning outcome and not a cluster of them. Instructional objectives are often classified according to the kind or level of learning that is required in order to reach them. There are numerous taxonomies of instructional objectives; the most common taxonomy was developed by Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues. The first level of the taxonomy divides objectives into three categories: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. Simply put, cognitive objectives focus on the mind; affective objectives focus on emotions or affect; and psychomotor objectives focus on the body. Cognitive objectives call for outcomes of mental activity such as memorizing, reading, problem solving, analyzing, synthesizing, and drawing conclusions. Bloom and others further categorize cognitive objectives into various levels from the simplest cognitive tasks to the most complex cognitive task. These categories can be helpful when trying to order objectives so they are sequentially appropriate. This helps to insure that prerequisite outcomes are accomplished first. Affective objectives focus on emotions. Whenever a person seeks to learn to react in an appropriate way emotionally, there is some thinking going on. What distinguishes affective objectives from cognitive objectives is the fact that the goal of affective objectives is some kind of affective behavior or the product of an affect (e. g. , an attitude). The goal of cognitive objectives, on the other hand, is some kind of cognitive response or the product of a cognitive response (e. g. , a problem solved). Psychomotor objectives focus on the body and the goal of these objectives is the control or manipulation of the muscular skeletal system or some part of it (e. g. , dancing, writing, tumbling, passing a ball, and drawing). All skills requiring fine or gross motor coordination fall into the psychomotor category. To learn a motor skill requires some cognition. However, the ultimate goal is not the cognitive aspects of the skill such as memorizing the steps to take. The ultimate goal is the control of muscles or muscle groups. The following are the importance of instructional objectives in teaching I. C. T Firstly, Instructional objectives are of immense significance in today’s education process. They provide organizers of the process with the opportunity to delve into learners mind and know where they are heading. Instructional objectives provide teachers the opportunity to design proper assessment procedure through tests and evaluation. Students know what they are supposed to do, use before or after a particular class. Instructional objectives also help trace the amount of change that has been brought about in a student. It gives a definite direction to the whole teaching-learning and evaluation process of a particular class in classroom situations. It also helps both the teacher as well as students in determining particular educational goals and enables them to focus their attention on specific learning activities to achieve those goals. Through instructional objectives – the organizers of educational process can determine the resources, course materials, curricular and co-curricular activities, relevant contents and references etc. which are so vital to make the process functional. Instructional objectives also lead the teacher into discovering the best learning situations, strength and weaknesses of the prevalent learning process, level of growth and development of learners through a pre-determined evaluation process. In short, instructional objectives help in monitoring and evaluating the whole educational process in minute details.

Christian and Hopeful’s escape from Doubting Castle Essay

Write a critical analysis of the extract (Christian and Hopeful’s escape from Doubting Castle) discussing the characteristic features of Bunyan’s Style. Bunyan uses allegory and symbolism throughout Part one. This symbolism is used very effectively in this extract; we can see the powerful images that relate to the spiritual nature of the characters. Doubt is powerful and Bunyan emphasises the danger and trappings of doubt through dramatic phraseology and strong physical images: ‘A very dark Dungeon, nasty and stinking to the Spirit of these two men.’ Bunyan’s dramatization of these events reflects also on the escape from the castle. Bunyan epitomises the ultimate despair in order to generate the joy and delight produced in the escape. This allows the reader to view the hope and joy that is present in the promises of God: ‘there to condole their misery, and to mourn under their distress.’ ‘And the door flew open with ease, and Christian and Hopeful both came out†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Bunyan also implements the use of dynamic verbs such as ‘flew’ this makes the reader aware of the ease with which doubt is broken. The discovery of the key of promise, which frees Christian and Hopeful from Doubting Castle; shows the reader the hope that remains even in the toughest of situations. Bunyan tries to make the reader aware of the danger of doubt through symbolism. This allows the reader to be cautious of doubt in his or her own life. This is typical of Bunyan, as his work tends to guide to correction, encourage and to issue caution: ‘ That’s good news, good brother, pluck it out of thy bosom and try.’ Christian’s realisation of foolishness has the effect of reinforcing the promise of Hope. Bunyan’s representation of this in the form of a speech allows Christian to persuade the reader to correct their foolish ways: ‘What a Fool, quoth he, am I, thus to lie in a stinking dungeon, when I may as well walk at liberty?’ Bunyan’s use of rhetorical questioning through Christian’s speech have the effect of encouraging the reader to question themselves. They also challenge the institution of doubt. Throughout part one we see the use of dialogue to encourage or reassure the characters. In this extract we can also view this as Hopeful speaks to Christian and questions his doubt over the situation: ‘; My brother, said he, rememberest thou not how valiant thou hast been heretofore?’ This has the effect of not only giving reassurance and encouragement to the characters but also to the reader. The use of pausing ensures that it is well understood. Bunyan uses imagery to create Giant Despair, ‘a large and imposing figure’ this has the effect of showing the powerful and controlling nature of doubt. However Bunyan also recreates the image of the giant to facilitate the ideas and concepts he wishes. As the escape progresses the reader sees that the large and powerful image is not all that is seems and indeed it eventually leads to its own downfall. Bunyan uses this situation to warn and encourage the reader. It allows them to see that even though trials engulf they never actually succeed. ‘Giant Despair, who, hastily rising to pursue his prisoners, felt his limbs to fail, for his fits took him again, so he could by no means go after them.’ Bunyan uses the Giant’s wife, Mrs Diffidence, to show the lack of direction that doubt has. It is created by the person and has no power. This has the effect of showing the reader that there is nothing that is worth doubt – it is a formality and should be regarded as such. This dramatic characterisation helps to indicate that hope is important and in the setting of this journey it is hope that eventually conquers the situation. Bunyan shows the despondency and discouraging nature of the castle through Hopeful’s speech however he also corrects their self-indulgence later in the speech with desire for patience and reliance on God from Hopeful: ‘†¦Also cut off the bread and water from my mouth, and with thee I mourn the light. But let us exercise a little more patience; remember†¦.’. The use of such dialogue relates also with Bunyan’s reliance on the bible as these descriptions may have also linked with the spiritual needs of a Christian. Bunyan uses the very low nature and despair created by doubt and allows the reader to see that hope was always present even if it was not always obvious to the characters. Bunyan’s use of dialogue extends beyond the pilgrims to the Giant and his wife, Mrs Diffidence. ‘Then he asked her also what he had best to do further to them. So she asked him what they were, whence they came, and whither they were bound; and he told her. Then she counselled him that when he arose in the morning he should beat them without any mercy’. This gives insight to the reader and creates dramatic irony, as the reader is aware of the weakness of the trials. One of Bunyan’s aims when writing The Pilgrim’s Progress was the instruction of Christians and throughout this extract we can see the encouragement and warnings that he provides and the way in which his writing reflects the authorial intention of the didactic purpose. Hopeful relates the experience of doubting castle to some of the earlier events in the book such as; the meeting with Apollyon and the valley of the Shadow of death. This has the effect of providing a link between the episodes of the dream, it helps to emphasise the representation of a journey and creates a development within the characters. Bunyan combines many different techniques and forms in the extract but the most effective of these is the dialogue between the pilgrims and also between their tormentors. ‘Then, with a grim and surly voice, he bid them awake; and asked them whence they were, and what they did in his grounds. They told him they were pilgrims, and that they had lost their way.’ This speech allows the reader to be aware of the characters thoughts and emotions; and to immediately identify the characters’ motives. This also has the effect of furthering Bunyan’s didactic purpose. The combination of the many effects within The Pilgrim’s Progress allows it to be enjoyable to all and make it still appreciated from a literary perspective.

Using the Preterite Perfect Tense in Spanish

Using the Preterite Perfect Tense in Spanish The preterite perfect tense is unusual in Spanish, and you  are unlikely to hear it in everyday speech nor have a need, in most situations, to use it. But you should be aware of how it is used in case you come across it in literature or historical accounts. Except when a writer is seeking a literary effect or providing a bad translation from English, the preterite perfect is seldom used in modern writing. Key Takeaways: Preterite Perfect Tense The preterite perfect tense is formed by using the preterite form of haber followed by a past participle.The preterite perfect is not common in modern Spanish, being mainly used for literary effect.In its historical use, the preterite perfect was often used to provide a sense of immediacy of action. How To Use the Preterite Perfect The preterite perfect, also known as the anterior perfect or the  pretà ©rito anterior  in Spanish, is formed by using the  preterite  of  haber  followed by the  past participle. It is used to refer to an event that was completed immediately prior to another event in the past, and thus it is usually used in sentences that also include use of another verb past tense. In other words, a verb in the preterite perfect is almost never the only verb in a sentence. Here is an excerpt from  Cervantes Don Quijote to illustrate:  Apenas  hubo dicho  esto el cristiano cautivo, cuando el jinete se arrojà ³ del caballo y vino a abrazar al mozo.  (The Christian captive had barely said this when the horseman leaped off his horse and came to hug the lad.) Note that the act of saying something (hubo dicho) immediately preceded a past action of hugging the lad. As in the examples below, use of the preterite perfect follows a phrase or word with a time element. Regardless of the specific words used, the word or phrase can be translated as something that means as soon as or immediately after, as that sense of immediacy is conveyed by the verb tense. And while the preterite perfect frequently is translated using an English perfect tense (one using had and the participle), it is often fine to translate using the simple preterite. There seems to be little difference, for example, in meaning between as soon as I saw it and as soon as I had seen it, so feel free to use whichever sounds better. Examples of the Preterite Perfect in Use Y luego que yo la  hube visto, caà ­ sobre mi rostro.  (And as soon as I saw it, I fell upon my face.)Cuando  hubo comprendido  esto no pudo evitar echar un vistazo al chico.  (Once he understood this he could not avoid glancing at the boy.)Una vez que  hubimos encontrado  un rbol que daba sombra, me ayudà ³ a sentarme en el pasto.  (Once we found a tree that provided shade, he helped me get seated in the grass.)Una vez  hube conocido  varios pueblos de la provincia, decidà ­ escaparme al Sur.  (Once I had met some peoples from the province, I decided to flee to the South.)Cuando todos los dioses  hubieron muerto, Tonatiuh, el sol, comenzà ³ su interminable camino por el firmamento.  (When all the gods died, Tonatiuh, the sun, began his eternal journey through the firmament.()Cuando  hube sabido  del budismo sabà ­a bien lo que era el dharma.  (As soon as I knew about Buddhism, I knew what the dharma was.)

8 Misused Words on Your Resume That Make You Look Bad

8 Misused Words on Your Resume That Make You Look Bad English can be a difficult language to use, and whether making out a resume and cover letter or speaking to a hiring manager, using the wrong word can leave a negative impression. By using words that are not as familiar, it can be easy to make a mistake. Because hiring managers carefully look at your resume, you want to be sure you don’t make any of the following common errors. 1. Compliment or ComplementAlthough most people may realize that compliment means to say something nice to someone, it can get confused with the word complement. The word complement means that it improves something or completes it, such as â€Å"This app complements the others you need to get the job done.†2. Further or FartherAlthough both words have something to do with distance, further represents a degree of distance while farther represents an actual distance. The easiest way to remember the difference between the two is whether you can substitute the word more. If you can, the proper word i s further. An example is â€Å"I traveled farther today, but the area needs further investigation.†3. Accept or ExceptTwo words that can be confused because they sound so similar are accept and except. To accept something means to receive it. Except means to exclude something. An example is, â€Å"I accept your kind words, except for the comment that I should try harder.†4. Insure or EnsureThese two commonly misused words are simple to sort out. Insure always alludes to insurance. Ensure means to make something occur or be sure. An example is, â€Å"I insure my property, to ensure that it is protected.†5. Comprise or ComposeComprise and compose are two words misused commonly in English. Comprise is an inclusive word that refers to the whole. Compose refers to parts. â€Å"When this writer composes a play, he comprises it of three acts.†6. Fewer or LessThese two confused words also refer to a whole or parts of a whole. The word fewer is used when talking a bout definite numbers as a whole. Less is used when the number is indefinite. An example might be â€Å"Fewer people attended the concert but paid less money because of the discount.†7. They’re or ThereSome similar words such as they’re and there are commonly misused. They’re is a contraction that means they are. There refers to a place. An example is â€Å"They’re going to the theater over there.†8. It’s or ItsIt’s is a contraction that only means it is, while its is a possessive. A simple way to tell the difference is to write out the words for the contraction. You would not say â€Å"It’s blue blanket† because it would read â€Å"It is blue blanket† when written out.Knowing the correct words to use when writing a resume or cover letter can help get you an interview for a position as you apply to different job sites. TheJobNetwork can help by scouting out jobs for you. All you do is fill out your qualific ations and the type of job you want, and we do the rest by combing through job openings and searching for new ones as they arise. You will be notified by email when jobs matching your description are available. Sign up for job match alert to find your dream job.

Importance of Theory Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Importance of Theory - Coursework Example This gives the nursing profession distinction from the rest of science and medical professions. In nursing, the association between nursing theory and practice is symbiotic. As Basavanthappa (2007) asserts, theory without practice is unimaginative, and practice devoid of theory is visionless. In essence, theory is paramount to effective nursing practice and research. This essay will discuss the significance of theory in nursing practice through the help of Roy’s adaptation theory. This paper will discuss in details the significance and application of the theory of adaptation to nursing by identifying its role in the evaluation of the power of mind and body fitness in aged patients. Nursing has made efforts to institute exceptional body of knowledge that has been used to define its boundaries. However, since these limits are continually changing, perhaps it is more significant for the nurses to define their stance and their role (Basavanthappa, 2007). By offering nurses a sense of identity, Roy’s adaptation nursing theory helps patients, managers and other health care practitioners to identify the exceptional contribution of nurses in health care. In reference to Kim and Kollak (2006), Roy’s adaptation theory allows a review of physical activity and the growth of a theory-based intervention from a holistic and integrated nursing viewpoint. A well-defined body of theory such as Roy’s adaptation theory offers guidance for nursing practice in physical therapy and enhanced professional status for nurses. This theory is employed in physical therapy to assist the older patients with low physical activity (Basavanthappa, 2007). This theory has also been applied in chronic-ill patients as a strategy to foster adaptation and the quality of life. This theory has been used in nursing to guide the development of models that focus on the physical

Developing and Sustaining the Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developing and Sustaining the Brand - Essay Example The micro factors include all internal forces like customer satisfaction, the company's financial stability, and the way a product is positioned in the market by the organization. Beyond these, there are external forces at work including the political environment, general economic conditions, legal or regulatory changes, as well as the impact that increasing consumer environmental awareness is making on fuel sources and eco-friendly corporate practice. The author then moves into a section on the development and survival of brands, noting that the standard product life cycle, i.e., introduction, growth, maturity, and decline, are all applicable to a brand as well. The key to survival is adaptation, rejuvenation, innovation, or re-positioning. Adaptation, the author notes, is a long-term process and the article cites McDonald's as a prime example of a brand engaging in adaptation; recognizing cultural demands or health concerns, and tailoring product offerings by adapting to the new ma rket trends. Rejuvenation is a dual-prong process, whereby innovation and repositioning are combined to give a brand a new start. Innovation, the article notes, need not be radical; it can be incremental with minor improvements accumulating over time to result in major differences in the products or services offered.

Garrett Hardin's The Tragedy of the Commons. W7 disc Essay

Garrett Hardin's The Tragedy of the Commons. W7 disc - Essay Example By procreation, an adult couple locks up a portion of the common resources for the sustenance of the child. This includes the air, water, food and other material necessities that the child would require for survival. But people don’t aspire to merely survive – they want to ‘enjoy’ life’s comforts. So, the process of procreation also locks up more valuable natural resources for the child. Hence, the population problem is a core issue concerning the commons. Published first in 1968, Hardin’s essay displays foresight and identifies an emerging socio-political problem. In the four decades that has elapsed since it was first written, the population of the world has nearly doubled, making the relevance and intensity of the issues raised more acute. Citing the example of the pastoral commons, Hardin correctly points out how, if each herdsman looks after only his own interests, the common meadows will soon get ruined due to over grazing. In a world where resources are infinite, or its consumption is negligible (as when the population is too low), such unfettered consumption of resources makes logical sense for the individual and also the society. In this scenario, not only do the individual and his immediate community prosper, but the species is also propagated, constituting a common good. But the equation changes quickly, once resources become scarce, whereby the consumers feel the ‘finite’ nature of what they use. In thi s scenario, an individual looking after himself and his immediate community is no longer practically viable or morally proper. It is easy to transpose this argument concerning the common pastures to the population question. By analogy and deduction, it becomes quite clear that individuals/parents can no longer be afforded the right to procreate for their own interests. The idea of receiving government sanctions

The Concept and Process of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Concept and Process of Leadership - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that leadership entails a process whereby an individual can influence other workers to achieve a particular objective, and able to direct an organization in the way that enhances the cohesiveness and coherence. However, while leadership involves a learning process, it is also important to note that, a person’s attributes, values or beliefs have an influence on the leadership process. This is because these characters make a leader be unique in the workplace. In order to become an efficient and effective leader, a person needs to develop an honest understanding of himself or herself, what he or she knows and their capabilities as a prospective leader of an organization or a team within the work environment. In the end, the followers of a leader can determine whether an individual is a good leader within an organizational setting. As such, it is important for leaders to exhibit trust and confidence when leading others people or workers within the organization setting. Being a leader entails convincing followers and not superiors of your worthiness to be followed by other workers. Conversely, while convincing followers of their worthiness to be followed, leaders need to note that different people within the workplace require different leadership styles. For instance, new employees in an organization need to be supervised more compared to experienced workers in the same organization. As such, leadership process requires leaders to understand the needs of those they lead. Further, communication is also important in terms of establishing a working alliance between the leader and other workers. This helps to avoid misunderstanding between the leader and other workers in an organization. Leadership process also entails developing an understanding of various situations that may arise within the work environment, this is because the different situation requires a different measure to be taken. As such, a leader needs to d evelop a sound judgment regarding the best option or leadership style to use for each emerging situation.

Nursing Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing Leadership - Essay Example As the patient fell from the bed and broke his arm, the nurse and hospital were liable for damages. This paper aims to identify nursing policies that were not followed so as to prevent such a scenario from occurring. Firstly, nursing leadership and managerial qualities in regards to the present situation shall be outlined. Secondly, issues of nursing accountability shall be detailed. Next, the concept of team-work as pertains to the scenario shall be highlighted. Following, the topics of clinical governance, as well as teaching and facilitating of nurses in general, shall be outlined as relevant to the present scenario. Some of the areas that leadership and management incorporate are finances, business focus, information management, and marketing (Baker, 2000a; Kelly-Hayes, 2003). When a patient falls from a bed because procedures have not been followed, it is clear that nursing leadership and management training is lacking. In the current scenario, additional costs were created within the hospital to care for the patient, in regards to the broken limb, as well as consultation with attorney's to establish their legal obligations, and in administration costs to report the incident, and to process ongoing documentation relevant to the complaint made by the family. From the point of view of nursing being a business, the scenario i... The information management that was lacking was that the nurse did not have available protocols to compare her patient care to. In regards to marketing, the hospital as well as the nurse has provisioned the patient and family with an image of being incompetent and neglectful in their care for the patient.Recent studies point to a distinct lack of leadership qualities amongst nurses in general, and attribute this to a lack of training in the area (Laukkanen, 2005). Unfortunately, this is a waste of resources as nurses are in key position to influence hospital care policies, as well as state and national legislation (Sullivan, 2001). It is contended that student nurses need to be encouraged to develop their leadership and managerial skills, as well as their clinical skills (Baker, 200b). For example, a more salient awareness of cost-containment issues could have motivated the hospital to have set protocols for the bed-care of elderly patients (Antrobus, 1999). Additionally, the use of job re-design amongst the nursing staff could have provided the hospital with a critical evaluation of the sequential tasks of each job a nurse undertakes, and provided solutions for combining tasks to improve patient care (e.g., saying goodnight/see you later to a patient also includes the action of the hands checking the bed-rail is up) (Sullivan, 2001).Quality management important to nursing as it allows for an evaluation of the outcomes of practices. In turn, this style of management provides for a preventative approach to nursing that identifies potential problems quickly, and facilitates research into viable alternative solutions (Belcher, 2000; Hendel & Steinmann, 2002). As such,

Robots Replaces Humans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Robots Replaces Humans - Research Paper Example The technology in robots may be traced back in the Industrial Revolution when mathematics, engineering and science was in flower in England that provided the basic groundwork of robotics. Among the prominent scientist during that time who contributed to the development of robots was Charles Babbage who developed the foundation of computer science and his two uncompleted project, difference and analystical engine. Although these projects were not completed, they laid out the basic framework for mechanical calculations necessary for robots to function (Thomasnet 2013). Robots as we know them today however was not yet recognized nor had such name during this time. The concepts about robots however already proliferated during the Industrial Revolution but its realization has to come decades later because the technology were not yet available then. Until in 1920, Karel Capek published his play entitled Rossum’s Universal Robots where the word robot was first used. The word robot came from an old Slavic word that meant â€Å"servitude, monotonous or forced labor†. From the use of â€Å"robot† in Karel Capek’s play begun the usage of the word that refers to mechanical devices that replaces human functions. It was however in 1927 that the first actual robot was made in the United States called Televoc which operated through the telephone system. Japan followed suit in 1928 and created Japan’s first robot named Gakutensoku. Robot became a formal science in 1941 when  Isaac Asimov  formulated the  Three Laws of Robotics, which formally gave the name of robot creation as robotics (1950). The first few models of robots that used modern available technology begun in the 1950’s however which George Devol designed a robotic arm device named Unimate which was intended for industrial use. Unimate function then was to transport die castings in General Motors plant in New Jersey. Seeing the viability of robots particular in industrial manufacturing, a company

The Concept and Process of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Concept and Process of Leadership - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that leadership entails a process whereby an individual can influence other workers to achieve a particular objective, and able to direct an organization in the way that enhances the cohesiveness and coherence. However, while leadership involves a learning process, it is also important to note that, a person’s attributes, values or beliefs have an influence on the leadership process. This is because these characters make a leader be unique in the workplace. In order to become an efficient and effective leader, a person needs to develop an honest understanding of himself or herself, what he or she knows and their capabilities as a prospective leader of an organization or a team within the work environment. In the end, the followers of a leader can determine whether an individual is a good leader within an organizational setting. As such, it is important for leaders to exhibit trust and confidence when leading others people or workers within the organization setting. Being a leader entails convincing followers and not superiors of your worthiness to be followed by other workers. Conversely, while convincing followers of their worthiness to be followed, leaders need to note that different people within the workplace require different leadership styles. For instance, new employees in an organization need to be supervised more compared to experienced workers in the same organization. As such, leadership process requires leaders to understand the needs of those they lead. Further, communication is also important in terms of establishing a working alliance between the leader and other workers. This helps to avoid misunderstanding between the leader and other workers in an organization. Leadership process also entails developing an understanding of various situations that may arise within the work environment, this is because the different situation requires a different measure to be taken. As such, a leader needs to d evelop a sound judgment regarding the best option or leadership style to use for each emerging situation.

Robots Replaces Humans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Robots Replaces Humans - Research Paper Example The technology in robots may be traced back in the Industrial Revolution when mathematics, engineering and science was in flower in England that provided the basic groundwork of robotics. Among the prominent scientist during that time who contributed to the development of robots was Charles Babbage who developed the foundation of computer science and his two uncompleted project, difference and analystical engine. Although these projects were not completed, they laid out the basic framework for mechanical calculations necessary for robots to function (Thomasnet 2013). Robots as we know them today however was not yet recognized nor had such name during this time. The concepts about robots however already proliferated during the Industrial Revolution but its realization has to come decades later because the technology were not yet available then. Until in 1920, Karel Capek published his play entitled Rossum’s Universal Robots where the word robot was first used. The word robot came from an old Slavic word that meant â€Å"servitude, monotonous or forced labor†. From the use of â€Å"robot† in Karel Capek’s play begun the usage of the word that refers to mechanical devices that replaces human functions. It was however in 1927 that the first actual robot was made in the United States called Televoc which operated through the telephone system. Japan followed suit in 1928 and created Japan’s first robot named Gakutensoku. Robot became a formal science in 1941 when  Isaac Asimov  formulated the  Three Laws of Robotics, which formally gave the name of robot creation as robotics (1950). The first few models of robots that used modern available technology begun in the 1950’s however which George Devol designed a robotic arm device named Unimate which was intended for industrial use. Unimate function then was to transport die castings in General Motors plant in New Jersey. Seeing the viability of robots particular in industrial manufacturing, a company

Pearson Education Essay Example for Free

Pearson Education Essay Training an individual requires that the teacher observes methods through which that person best understands the information being relayed. These methods must be in line with the learning styles of the trainee. Training requires sound knowledge on the subject area. The essence is to acquire knowledge and skills that transforms ones capability to undertake a task. Training is affected by motivation, the trainer-trainee relationship, availability of resources, prior knowledge and perception (United Nations, 2001). Every trainee has a unique way of acquiring knowledge based on the learning style adopted. These categorizes learners into visual, auditory and kinesthetic or physical learners. Though one may combine all these styles, it is important to maximize on the style one is best in. A trainer may present knowledge through talking. Teachers are commonly known to adopt this kind of style where they lecture students. The key factors to consider when employing such skills include tone of voice, body language and inflection. This is appropriate for auditory learners who understand when instructions are read aloud, information is communicated verbally or speeches are required (Farwell, 2000). Auditory training requires some background sound. These could be some form of music, people talking or TV. Written instructions prove difficult for such learners to get until they are verbalized. Suck kind of learners use their listening and repeating skills in sorting the information acquired. To enhance knowledge acquisition among auditory learners, then the trainer needs to employ adequate verbal direction. They are better trained when they are placed into groups where they can discuss. Being alone limits them to written materials only. In group discussions, they air out their ideas and acquire knowledge from the other members of the group verbally. Therefore, verbal communication and group activities should be encouraged. Reading aloud helps such learners quickly understand what is being relayed. In fact, such learners have most of their work transformed into rhythmic patterns like songs and poems. The trainer should encourage this category of learners to make audio recordings of class note and listen to them when revising. Their memories are refreshed when they listen to what was said or internally recalling the voice of the trainer. As such, they should be allowed to participate in class discussions actively. They should be given room to ask questions and volunteer to answer any questions raised in the class. When tackling their assignments, they should be allowed to read them allowed as it is the only way to be assured of their understanding. When alone, auditory learners are encouraged to whisper new information. Training requires adequate skills in visual learning. This is the kind of training where the trainer has to employ images, maps, graphs or colors to pass across the intended message. A trainer should therefore befriend whiteboards, have some good sense of dressing and color balance. Learners in this category tend to also have adequate spatial skills. Therefore, training such individuals requires adequate use of maps. The trainer should try linking verbal and visual information. This will help the learner with critical thinking where the learner relates a visual object to recall any details. Therefore, even in comprehension of more complex information, the student recalls an object and connects it to the new idea. The trainer should provide such learners with visual data that will allow the students to organize large volumes of information which will aid in revealing relationships and patterns. Here, the trainees are allowed to create graphic organizers like webs, diagrams and concept maps by using symbols containing words for clarity. Visual learners are very good with sign language and they like fashion and colors. Trainers should assist learners come up with lists of things to do, written note or assignment logs (Farwell, 2000). Fleming (2005) suggest that trainers should not use listening and respond tests for this category of learners. Trainers in kindergarten employ feeling, touching and experiencing to train children. This has not only worked well with kindergarten teachers but all trainers in general. The trainer should allow these students to totally engage with the learning activities. Proper organization must be made for such learners to access science laboratories or participate in dance, skits, field trips or other related activities. Such physical activities are very important in learning for these students. They are said to be naturally discoverers and learn through doing unlike thinking first before action. To identify kinesthetic or physical or tactile learners, a trainer should identify traits such as poor handwriting, good sporting skills and restlessness. These learners also like role playing, science laboratories, takes breaks when studying, build models and are always fidget. It is therefore advisable that a trainer allows such learners to have breaks in between their studies, take laboratory classes, study with others, use memory games and use flash cards to memorize. Movement explorations have proved to work for this kind of training. Clapping or tapping out syllables or words have worked well in this circumstance. Concrete objects should be used for establishing patterns or counting. Children should be allowed to move heavy objects on number lines on the floor. They should be given short definitions, multiple choices and fill-ins. Long tests and essays do not work well with them (Fleming, 2005). The earliest form of training was on-job-training. This one involves being trained by a skilled worker on the job site. It is still being used today as it does not require organized lessons or programs. It is therefore cost effective. In the 5th century, training was done through conceptual case studies. Students in China for instance were given parables by Taoists and Confusionists so that they come up with solutions. Today, professional school highly employ these methods. It encourages philosophical thinking and finding solutions to difficult problems without first-hand experience. Nowadays, theories of development, psychology and training are employed. Among great contributors to motivational theories used in training are Abraham Maslow and Herzberg Fredrick. These assisted organizational managers to create working environment that meets the demand for workers basic needs. Workers who have their basic needs catered for deliver good results in their workplaces thus helping in the growth of an organization. These stages were chosen as they exhibit great variability in the mode of training. Each stage presents a unique way of training form the previous method. These developments give trainers a wide range of training styles to apply since all the styles are still applicable even in the modern world. Studies show that adults learn like children. Therefore, all the training styles used by children can be applied for adults. The trainer must divert from the â€Å"tell-me† style of training to the â€Å"show-me† style. Visual training is important for adult education just as it is for children. They should be incorporated in the process and made to feel they are part of it. Emphasis should be on doing. This incorporation in discussions and activities help in keeping memory fresh. In fact, lectures should be minimized and emphasis laid on involvement kind of training. In conclusion, the meanings of critical terms associated with training will be defined. First is education. All the activities involved in teaching and learning of technical competency, knowledge and proper conduct constitute the term education. It aims at cultivating skills, professions or trades. It is the process that leads to moral, mental and aesthetic development. It encompasses systematic instructions and teaching. Training is defined as the process of acquiring competencies, knowledge and skills due to teachings on practical or vocational skills and knowledge. Learning is the process that leads to the acquisition of knowledge and skills from perceived information. Adult education is the process of teaching and educating adults. REFERENCE Farwell, T. (2000). Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic Learners. Pearson Education Inc. Fleming, G. (2005). Tactile Learning. Retrieved October 2, 2008 from http://homeworktips. about. com/od/homeworkhelp/a/tactile. htm. United Nations (2001). Train the Trainer, Training Fundamentals: Instructors Reference Manual. New York, pp. 15-18.

A Look At The Samaritan Woman Religion Essay

A Look At The Samaritan Woman Religion Essay If I was asked to suggest one word which sums up Johns gospel, it would be the word encounter. The word became flesh and dwelt among us encounter. Look, the Lamb of God encounter. John goes on to record many of the people whom Jesus met in the course of His ministry. He constantly drew these people to Himself. He was the answer to the great spiritual needs of their life. Regardless of who they were, their basic need was to meet with Him, for an encounter with Jesus. In Ch 3 there is the encounter between Nicodemus, the teacher of Israel, and Jesus, the redeemer of the world. And then in stark contrast here in Ch4, the women of Samaria encounters Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus meeting with this woman was at noon. Jesus was utterly weary, physically exhausted. He sat on the wall around Jacobs well. Note in passing that, though Christ is the eternal Son of God, He was also truly human, the Word become flesh. He knew weariness, thirst, sadness, suffering and ultimately death. Two whole and perfect natures in one person. It is a comfort to us to know our Saviour is aware of our earthly lot. He is able to understand our needs as well as having the supply of grace to help us in our time of need. It is the grace of Jesus which is the first thing the woman experiences 1. The Grace of Jesus is displayed We learn a great deal about Jesus from His dealings with this woman. The amazing fact is that He took the first step the initiative was His. He made a simple request give me a drink. It appears like a simple gesture, but it explodes the age old myth that God is distant and remote. In actual fact God is close and immediate, and this is so because He comes. He takes the initiative. What is even more remarkable in this first century culture was the fact that He spoke to a woman, and to compound it all, a Samaritan woman at that. Strict social and religious rule held sway among Jewish rabbis forbidding them ever to speak to a woman in the street not even his own mother would be acknowledged some of the Pharisees had utter contempt for women, they would daily thank God that He had not made them a woman. And in particular, Samaritan women the bitter quarrel had gone on for 400 years, the Jews of pure blood despised the half-breed Samaritans who were heretics. Orthodox Jews travelling from Judea north to Galilee where Jesus had grown up went a roundabout way to avoid going the direct route through Samaria, even though it doubled their journey from three to six days. Even if a shadow of a Samaritan fell on an orthodox Jew, he was considered unclean. If a Jew did take the short cut through Samaria on his way to Jerusalem, the Samaritans would not sell him necessities of bread and water. There was mutual loathing and distrust. But theres more. Not only was she a woman, not only was she a Samaritan woman, but also she was sexually immoral and promiscuous. She had had five husbands, and the man she was living with now was not even one of them. A bidey in. No wonder she was at the well at noon instead of the usual evening hour for drawing water. She wanted to avoid knowing looks and sharp tongues of other women who would despise her. Yet despite all that, Jesus shows perfect courtesy and grace in asking her a favour. He knew all about her. If no one else in the world cared for her, He did, and He longed for her to know the peace and life He alone could give her. And to bring things right up to date, the reality is that He has the same sympathy for us in our sins and weaknesses. He longs to offer us His love and power. He offers her water of a very different kind from that which hes just asked her for living water that would satisfy her spiritually. Water elsewhere in Johns Gospel is a symbol of new life through the Holy Spirit into the heart through faith in Christ (e.g. John 7:37-39). The water I give him will become in him a spring of water welling up to eternal life (John 4:14). This water which Jesus gives is so completely satisfying that whoever drinks of it will never be thirsty again. These are words of Jesus that speak very directly to our deepest needs. How many of us, once the masks and disguises we wear have been taken off, can testify to the deep unsatisfied longing within our souls? How often when people talk about the change that Jesus has made in their lives do they speak of emptiness and dissatisfaction that was there before? How they tried everything to meet that need, but all in vain till they came to Christ. Augustine said, Thou hast made us for Thyself and our hearts are restless till they find their rest in Thee. There was an old song which summed up the difference that Jesus makes Now none but Christ can satisfy. There is none other name for me. Theres love and life and lasting joy, Lord Jesus, found in Thee This is what Jesus is trying to get across to her. I can supply you spiritual needs, you spiritual thirst and longing by offering you water which will spring up within you the life that Jesus gives is no tame or stagnant thing. It is abundant life, life in all its fullness, that sparkles, thrills and satisfies. This is the wonder of knowing Christ and the great blessings imparted by Him. If anyone is thirsty let him come to me and drink (John 7:37), says Jesus on another occasion. In Jesus they will be well supplied by an ever-flowing stream, which never runs dry. Yachting!! Unlike the world, Christ offers a real and lasting satisfaction. If we drink at the worlds fountains, we are satisfied for an hour. If we drink at Christs fountain, we have perpetual satisfaction. It is not dependent on adversity or prosperity, fear or joy. This well keeps springing up, and it is all a free gift. 2. The need for Jesus is awakened But we notice from Johns account that at first the woman misunderstood Jesus. She took Him literally, and replied that he did not have a bucket. The well was in fact 100 feet deep. Nicodemus had made the same mistake in taking Jesus literally (How can a man enter his mothers womb for a second time and be born again?). In both cases, Jesus was speaking of spiritual things. But it begins to awaken a sense of need in the woman. To show her how much she needed this new spiritual life He was offering He puts His finger on the weakness, failures and sin in her life things that deep down she was aware of, but probably had never openly admitted to anyone before. She admitted to Him her current living arrangements. He knew her private life perfectly. He knew she had broken the seventh commandment. And now she knew it too. He didnt accuse, nor did he wag his finger or confront her with her sin. He simply touches her conscience, and encourages her to name her own sin. And then she reacts. Shes suddenly faced with herself as she is, as God sees her, and she wants to change, she longs for this new life, a better life the full life, the clean life. Shes had enough of the wagging tongues and turned backs. She longs to belong, to be part of her community once again. We never really see ourselves until we are in Jesus presence. The Christian experience begins with a sense of sin. We are awakened to ourselves, our need of God, of forgiveness and cleansing and life. Not till we see the beauty of Christ do we understand the ugliness of our lives. But now shes feeling uncomfortable. She tries to change the subject, but what a mistake. She enters into theological discussion with the Son of God. If Nicodemus, the teacher of Israel was out of his depth, what hope had she? But it was just a diversion. She entered an argument about the right place of worship. She hoped to divert from Jesus pointing out of her sin by showing Him she did have enough of religion to get by. Its almost as though shes saying, well, I go to church, and at least I go to the right one we Samaritans worship in the right place. But Jesus reply pulls her back to His point. It does not matter where you worship, as long as you worship in spirit and in truth. Right back to the basic issues, its not about the forms of religious observance, its not about which church you go to or not, its the state of your heart that matters. Religion is not about outward forms and ceremonies. Jesus looks at the heart, the state of the inner life. Yet still today people love an argument how to interpret the creation stories in Genesis 1, where did Cains wife come from, (literalism!,) what hymn book should we use, how should the church be governed, what form of baptism, should we use set prayers or free prayerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. These are not the real issues. The question in the forefront ought to be what is the state of my heart? Am I right with God? Do I have new life in Christ Jesus? Ultimately have you accepted the gift that Jesus offers new and abundant life? 3. The gift of Jesus is received It gradually dawns on the woman that she was in the presence of no ordinary person. He knew her private life and secrets. He knew all about God and His worship. And then He reveals He is the promised Saviour and Messiah that the Samaritans, like the Jews, were waiting for. He presents Himself directly as the answer to the womans problem. He is the One sent by God to be the Saviour of the world, of Jew, Samaritan and Gentile alike. How ready Christ is to reveal Himself to the soul of sinners. I am the one you are looking for. Paul Swinson What is it you are looking for? The real question is, Who are you looking for? What is the state of your inner life tonight? Behind the faà §ade, is there loneliness, emptiness, inadequacy, and hunger? Are you in search of satisfaction? Have you tried everything but still feel the same? Jesus reaches out in his grace to you tonight. He wants to awaken that need of Him in you tonight, and offers you the gift of life, which will bubble up within you like living water. Yes He must put His finger on the sin that has to be forsaken and forgiven. Sin has to be brought to the surface. But his desire is not to condemn you, he doesnt want to reproach you, He simply longs to save you, and satisfy the deepest longing of your heart. Hear His voice and respond to His invitation If anyone is thirsty, let him come to me and drink.

An Explication of Emily Dickinsons Loaded Gun Essay -- Dickinson Load

An Explication of Emily Dickinson's "Loaded Gun" Emily Dickinson's poem "My Life had stood-a Loaded Gun-" is a powerful statement of the speaker's choice to forego the accepted roles of her time and embrace a taboo existence, a life open only to men. The speaker does so wholeheartedly and without reservation, with any and all necessary force, exulting in her decision. She speaks with great power and passion, tolerating no interference, and wills herself to maintain this choice for her entire life. The structure of the poem is a common one for Dickinson, alternating iambic tetrameter and trimeter. These six quatrains are evocative of the verses from the Protestant religious services that Dickinson attended as a child but from which she chose to abstain as an adult. This meter gives the poem power and dignity, evoking the solemnity and unquestioned truth of a religious hymn. The mix of masculine and feminine images, their juxtaposition, and their occasional transformation across the gender line mirrors and mimics the message of the poem. The opening stanza begins with a series of masculine images: "a Loaded gun" (1), "The Owner" (3-later identified as "He"-17, 21). The fourth line gives an image of the speaker being carried away, something usually perpetrated on a female by (usually) a male. This too is an ambiguous image: is she carried away by her own love- enraptured-or is she carried away against her will, to be defiled, and used against her will? The second stanza resolves this question. Suddenly the speaker is "We," "roam[ing] in Sovreign [our] woods" (5), indicating an acceptance of the relationship. As an admirer of George Eliot, a woman who adopted a masculine identity in order to faci... ...ability to destroy, she is "Without-the power to die-" (24). Again we see the passivity of the "Loaded gun-" (1), unable to act without some animating masculine force. Does she mean she has the power to destroy the poet within, but cannot then escape from the role of reclusive outsider she has sacrificed so much to attain? Or does she mean she can destroy anyone who wishes to take this "Master" from her, but cannot kill him herself, or end her own life-options she may have wished existed for her, considering the difficulties produced by her inability to fit in to society? Although there is an irreconcilable ambiguity to this last stanza, the uncertainty somehow does not detract from the power of the work, but rather adds to it. With "Loaded Gun" Dickinson proclaims herself a warrior, ready to kill or die in defense of her self-definition, that of Poet.

The Enron Implosion and the Loss of Respect for the Accounting Professi

The Enron Implosion and the Loss of Respect for the Accounting Profession On the surface, the motives behind decisions and events leading to Enron’s downfall appear simple enough: individual and collective greed born in an atmosphere of market euphoria and corporate arrogance. Hardly anyone—the company, its employees, analysts or individual investors—wanted to believe the company was too good to be true. So, for a while, hardly anyone did. Many kept on buying the stock, the corporate mantra and the dream. In the meantime, the company made many high-risk deals, some of which were outside the company’s typical asset risk control process. Many went sour in the early months of 2001 as Enron’s stock price and debt rating imploded because of loss of investor and creditor trust. Methods the company used to disclose its complicated financial dealings were all wrong and downright deceptive. The company’s lack of accuracy in reporting its financial affairs, followed by financial restatements disclosing billions of dollars of omitted liabilities and losses, contributed to its downfall. The whole affair happened under the watchful eye of Arthur Andersen LLP, which kept a whole floor of auditors assigned at Enron year-round. In 1985, after federal deregulation of natural gas pipelines, Enron was born from the merger of Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, a Nebraska pipeline company. In the process of the merger, Enron incurred a lot of debt and, as the result of deregulation, no longer had exclusive rights to its pipelines. In order to survive, the company had to come up with a new and innovative business strategy to generate profits and cash flow. Kenneth Lay, CEO, hired McKinsey & Co. to assist in developing Enron’s business strategy. It assigned Jeffrey Skilling to the task. Skilling, who had a background in banking and asset and liability management, proposed a revolutionary solution to Enron’s credit, cash, and profit worries in the gas pipeline business: create a â€Å"gas bank† in which Enron would buy gas from a network of suppliers and sell it to a network of consumers, contractually guaranteeing both the supply and the price, charging fees for the transactions and assuming the associated risks. Thanks to the young consultant, the company created both a new product and a new paradigm for the industry—the energy derivative. Lay was so impressed with Skilling’s ... ... excellence stand in satirical contrast to allegations now being made public. Personally, I had referred several of our best and brightest accounting, finance and MBA graduates to Enron, hoping they could gain valuable experience from seeing things done right. These included a very bright training consultant who had lost her job in 2000 with a Houston consulting firm as a result of a reduction in force. She has lost her second job in 18 months through no fault of her own. Other former students still hanging on at Enron face an uncertain future as the company fights for survival. The old saying goes, â€Å"Lessons learned hard are learned best.† Some former Enron employees are embittered by the way they have been treated by the company that was once â€Å"the best in the business.† Others disagree. In the words of one of my former students who is still hanging on: â€Å"Just for the record, my time and experience at Enron have been nothing short of fantastic. I could not have asked for a better place to be or better people to work with. Please, though, remember this: Never take customer and employee confidence for granted. That confidence is easy to lose and tough—to impossible—to regain.†

Fairy Tales Essay

Fairy tales are often considered to be for children. However an analysis of the collection of stories by the Brothers Grimm shows that they all have message to deliver, even to young adults. In today’s rat race, young adults often forget the importance of little things that we learnt as children. Everyone knows what morals are, however theoretically. People today, are always in a great hurry. More often than not when someone’s in trouble, they would do anything to get out of the situation. Under such circumstances people make false promises. The story of the Frog King touches upon this aspect of human behavior. The princess promises the frog that all his demands will be met if he retrieves her golden ball. However on receiving the ball, she blissfully forgets her promise and runs away without the frog. However, when the frog turns up at her door, she has to fulfill her promise at her father’s insistence. This story highlights the fact that promises are meant to be kept and not broken. It emphasizes the point that people should learn to honor their word, for a promise breeds trust and trust should never be broken. Young adults also put too much by store on the appearance of things. This many a times proves to be a booby trap, as expectations are rarely met in such circumstances. This aspect is touched upon in both the stories, the Frog King and Hansel and Gretel. In the latter, the brother and sister are in awe of the candy house and trust the old woman to be nice. It’s only a little later that they realize the witch’s wicked intentions. Their false judgment of the witch on the basis of the house she lived in put their life in danger. In the Frog King the princess was reluctant to fulfill her promises because she found the frog repulsive, who later turned out to be a handsome prince. The stories teach us that not everything thing that glitters is gold and that we should never judge a book by its cover. Fairy tales enthrall not only ones imagination, they also serve the purpose of delivering important messages. The subtlety with which the message is delivered is plausible. The use of metaphors is most common in the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. The style in which the message is delivered is both entertaining and instructive. In the story of Little   Red Cap, the message that people who commit evil deeds can never escape their fate is beautifully stated by the following statement –‘They filled the wolf’s body with them, and when he woke up and tried to run away, the stones were so heavy that he fell down dead.’ This states that one’s evil deeds weigh down upon him/her and become the cause of their death in the end. This line uses a beautiful metaphorical sentence to convey the message, where the stones are the evil deeds committed. In the story flowers and emotional attachment are shown as distractions that steer people away from their path. The wolf realizes that Little Red Cap greatly lover her grandmother and in order to delay her distracted her with the beautiful flowers she could take for her grandmother. Greed can never be satiated and always leads to something unwanted are stated in the story of Rapunzel. The object of greed in the story is the rampion that Rapunzel’s mother craves for. Despite her husband satisfying her cravings once she wants more. This ultimately leads to her losing her daughter in a bargain to the wicked witch. To summarize, the stories of the Brother Grimm use beautiful imagery and metaphors to deliver yet important messages that many seem to forget in a hurry.

Design of Single Mode TE Mode Optical Polarizers

Design of Single manner TE mode optical Polarizer Using Silicon Oxynitide multilayed wave guide Abstraction–A Si oxynitride ( SiON ) guided movie is used as multilayered wave guide and utilizing transportation matrix method.We propose the application of wave guide as a TE-Pass polarizer and TM-Pass polarizer holding a passband in the 3rd optical communicating window of 1550 nanometer. Polarizer is cardinal constituent for devices which require a individual polarisation for their operation. Most of the polarizers use metal clad wave guides with proper thickness and refractile index of screen and substrate. Index Terms— Optical Polarizer, Multi-layered wave guide, TE manner, Silicon oxynitrideIntroductionOptical wave guide: An optical wave guide is a physical construction that guides electromagnetic moving ridges in the optical spectrum. Common types of optical wave guides include optical fiber and rectangular wave guides. To manufacture a planing machine wave guide ( Fig.1 ) , normally a movie ( refractile index) , with a screen bed ( refractile index) , is grown on a substrate ( refractile index) such thatSuch wave guides are known as asymmetric wave guides. For symmetric wave guide, the screen and substrate are fabricated with same stuff and the refractile indices are equal, i.e.. If there are more than one bed between Cover and Substrate, so such type of optical wave guides are known as Multilayer Waveguide. In a multi-layered wave guide, we have pick to manufacture as many beds as we required. We can choose the thickness of the beds and the type of the stuff harmonizing to our demand. Fig. 1 Geometry of 3-layer wave guide construction For a N-layer construction, theDefineframe receives the vacuity wavelength, the refractile index valuesns ( substrate ) , n1, †¦ , nN ( interior beds 1 to N ) , nc ( screen ) , and the thicknessest1, †¦ , tNof the interior beds. All dimensions are meant in microns. The figure illustrates the relevant geometry: Fig.2 Geometry of multilayer wave guide construction Multilayer wave guides are used in the execution of a assortment of optical devices including semiconducting material optical masers, modulators, wave guide polarisers, Bragg reflectors, and directional couplings. During the last 20 old ages, many efforts have been made to work out the moving ridge equation for the propagating manners in a general, lossless or lossy multilayer wave guide, in such a manner as to ease the design and optimisation of the above optical devices. TE-Pass Polarizer Silicon oxynitride ( SiON ) planar waveguide construction can be fabricated by utilizing plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition ( PECVD ) . In this technique oxidization reaction is initiated by plasma instead than utilizing external warming beginning. Other techniques are runing technique, vapour stage deposition technique but CVD technique is superior. These wave guides find assorted applications in optical communicating particularly as wavelength filter, microresonator, modulator, polarisation splitter and 2nd harmonic generator. A SiON guided movie is used as multilayered wave guide and utilizing transportation matrix method we propose the application of wave guide as a TE-Pass polarizer and TM-Pass polarizer holding a passband in the 3rd optical communicating window of 1550 nanometer. Polarizer is cardinal constituent for devices which require a individual polarisation for their operation. Most of the polarizer usage metal clad wave guides with proper thickness and refractile index of screen and substrate. Multilayer wave guides are used in the execution of a assortment of optical devices including semiconducting material optical masers, modulators, waveguide polarizer, Bragg reflectors, and directional couplings. We propose a multilayered SiON wave guide fabricated on substrate and has metalas screen is shown in fig 2. The pick of SiON is made for its extremely desirable characteristics such as low interpolation loss, broad scope of refractile index tailoring and realisation of compact devices because of its low bending loss. The present constellation of optical polarizer will happen applications in incorporate optical circuits, signal processing from fiber ocular detectors and fiber gyroscopes. For the analysis of the wave guide we have used the transportation matrix preparation. Fig.3 Geometry of multilayer wave guide construction = refractile index of the screen = refractile index of the movie i=1, 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦r = refractile index of the substrate = thickness of the movie bed in micrometer = thickness of the movie bed in micrometer Figure 1:Formulation For the computation of extension invariable and ensuing extension manner profile of multi-layered wave guide, there are following methods: – 1. Disturbance Method ( 4-layer ) 2. Newton’s Method 3. Mode-matching method ( 5-layer construction ) 4. Transfer Matrix Formulation 5. Argument Principle Method The disturbance method for a lossless 5-layer construction, for a lossy 4-layer construction, and for a metal-clad wave guide was used to find the extension invariables and the ensuing propagating manner profiles. Newton’s method was used for metal-clad wave guides where the derived function of the scattering equation can be obtained analytically. A graphical method, every bit good as formal electromagnetic analysis methods such as the mode-matching method, was besides used. The disturbance method every bit good as Newton’s method can non easy be extended to multilayer constructions, since their attack is analytic and the expression involved become cumbersome. None of the above methods can easy foretell the figure of propagating manners supported by the multilayer construction. This is a serious job since there is no manner of cognizing when to halt seeking for new propagating manners or even if the wave guide really can back up any manner at all. In fact, an extra analysis must be used to find the figure of guided manners before using the zero-searching techniques. Even if the figure of bing propagating guided manners is given, there is no verification that all the manners will be found. All the above mentioned methods have serious jobs in turn uping closely spaced roots. Furthermore, all of them need an initial estimate near to the existent nothing. This initial estimation may be hard to happen, particularly for high-loss propagating manners where the popular disturbance method does non use. The method which we are utilizing, is based on complex figure theory. It is capable of happening the nothing or poles of any analytic map in the com plex plane. The scattering equation of a general multilayer wave guide is formed via the construct of thin-film transfer-matrix theory. After its uniqueness points are observed, the complex plane is divided into parts where the scattering equation is analytic, and all the zeros inside each part are found. In add-on, the method provides the figure of nothing or poles in each part. The transfer-matrix analysis provides an easy preparation of the multilayer construction job. The method will be presented for TE manners but the extension to TM manners is straightforward. Fig.4 TE-Pass Polarizer A multilayer nonmagnetic slab wave guide construction(  µ= µO) ,is shown in Fig. 2. The refractile index,,of the IThursdaybed can be complex in general, i.e. ,,where,is the extinction coefficient of the IThursdaybed and I = 1.. . ..randRis the layer figure. For aTelluriummanner propagating in the+way in the IThursdaybed, (tenI? x ? xi+1) , the electric field is,and the magnetic field in the same bed iswhereare the unit vectors in theten, Y, omegaway, severally,is the radian frequence, andis the complex extension invariable withandthe stage and the fading invariables severally 2.1TE Mode A multilayer nonmagnetic slab wave guide construction(  µ= µO) ,is shown in Fig. 3. The refractile index,,of the IThursdaybed can be complex in general, i.e. ,,where,is the extinction coefficient of the IThursdaybed and I = 1.. . ..randRis the layer figure. For aTelluriummanner propagating in the+way in the IThursdaybed, (tenI? x ? xi+1) , the electric field is,and the magnetic field in the same bed iswhereare the unit vectors in theten, Y, omegaway, severally,is the radian frequence, andis the complex extension invariable withandthe stage and the fading invariables severally By utilizing Maxwell’s differential equations, we get For TE manner, = 0, merelyconstituents will show. So by work outing above two Maxwell’s equations, we get ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) whereis the freespace permittivity,and, c is the velocity of the visible radiation in the freespace andis the freespace wavelength. The electric and magnetic The Electric and Magnetic digressive Fieldss within the IThursdaybed are solutions of above equation, and can be written as = AI+ BI( 7 a ) =j( 7 B ) When we apply boundary status at=in equations ( 7 a ) and ( 7 B ) , so we will acquire ( 8 ) =cos []+( 10 a ) ( 10 B ) Adding equation ( 10 a ) and ( 10 B ) ( 11 ) Using the continuity of the digressive Fieldss at any layer interface in the multilayer construction, the Fieldss digressive to the boundaries at the top of the substrate bed,and at the underside of the screen bed,, are related via the matrix merchandise =[( 12 ) Where for one = 1,2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. , R( 13 ) Are the transportation matrices for all of theRbeds holding thickness. For propagating manners, the digressive Fieldss at the boundaries must be exponentially disintegrating holding the signifier ( 14 ) And ( 15 ) Where, From equation ( 12 ) , we get The extinction ratio ( PER ) is defined as the ratio of power staying ( at the end product terminal ) in themanner () to the power staying ( at the end product terminal ) in themanner () , expressed in dBs. In add-on, the interpolation loss ( PIL ) is defined as the power loss associated with themanner. Frankincense: PER= 10 PER=Loss in dubnium?Loss in dubnium PIL= 10() PIL=Loss in dubnium The above equations assume that the inputmanner has unit power at the input terminal of the polarizer. In order to hold a good TE-pass polarizer, we require the power staying in the desiredmanner at the end product terminal of the polarizer to be every bit high as possible. Hence a low value of PIL is desirable. The effectivity of the polarizer in know aparting against the transition of themode comparative to themanner is measured by the PER parametric quantity. Therefore, this parametric quantity should be every bit high as possible. Hence, we require a high PER and at the same time a low PIL. Figure 5.1: Effective index w.r.t.normalized movie Figure 5.2: Loss w.r.t.normalized movie bed Fig. 5.3: Effective index w.r.t.normalized movie bed Fig. 5.4: Loss w.r.t.normalized movie bed Decision First of wholly, we have checked the map of TE manner by utilizing transportation matrix method [ 2 ] . The value of stage changeless and fading invariable for 6-layer Lossy Dielectric Waveguide are available. The available informations were calculated by the method of Argument Principle ( APM ) . Transportation Matrix method has been used to analyze a four superimposed waveguide dwelling of SiON as guiding movie. On this footing, we have designed TE base on balls polarizer. The scope of SiON movie thickness was estimated so that merely the cardinal pervert TE0is supported. The computations showed that in the thickness scope of 0.7 µm -2.2  µm of SiON, the wave guide supports merely TE0manner. In TE manner base on balls polarizer, the loss of TE manner is in the scope of 0.2 – 2.5 dB/cm and for TM mode its scope is 40 – 45 dB/cm, which rather higher in comparing to TE manner. So in this type of constellation of four bed wave guide, merely TE manner will go through. Mentions [ 1 ] Vishnu Priye, Bishnu P.Pal, and K.Thyagarajan, â€Å" Analysis and Design of a Novel Leaky YIG Film Guided Wave Optical Isolator, †J. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 16, No.2, February 1998 [ 2 ] Anemogiannis and E.N.Glytis, â€Å"Multilayer waveguides: Efficient numerical analysis of general constructions, †J. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 10, pp. 1344-1351, 1992 [ 3 ] M.Ajmal Khan and Hussain A. Jamid, â€Å" TE/TM Pass Guided Wave Optical Polarizer† , IEEETEM2003 [ 4 ] H.Kogelnik, Theory of Optical Waveguides in Guided-wave Optoelectronics, T. Tamir, Ed. New York: Springer-verlag, 1988 [ 5 ] AJOY K. GHATAK, K. THYAGARAJAN, AND M. R. SHENOY Numerical Analysis of Planar Optical Waveguides Using Matrix Approach [ 6 ] Ajoy Ghatak and K.Thyagarajan, â€Å" Optical Electronics’’ , Cambridge University Press [ 7 ] Joseph A Edminister and Vishnu Priye, â€Å"Electromagnetics Schaum’s Outline, Tata MacGraw Education Private Limited†